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With all the talk of record-breaking property growth throughout 2021, do you know how exactly your suburb and property type performed? Today we’ll show you how to find out in just a few clicks.

You’ve probably heard all the talk of national housing values soaring in 2021 – by 22.1%, to be exact.

But that doesn’t really tell you much about how your particular neck of the woods fared, does it?

Well, you can find out a bunch of important property information about your suburb’s houses and apartments, and those in surrounding suburbs, using realestate.com.au’s recently released PropTrack 2021 Suburb Report Card (desktop versionmobile-friendly link).

What the PropTrack interactive tool can show you

Ok, so the two main functions of the PropTrack tool are the ability to select “suburb” and “property type”, which is broken up into houses or units.

This is important because PropTrack data shows house prices grew 26.8% nationally in 2021, much more than the 13.4% growth in unit prices.

Also worth noting is that you can see how much change in demand there was for your suburb and property type, and even how many “highly engaged buyers” there were throughout 2021.

Other important insights you can check out include “average estimated value”, “average weekly rental value”, “rental yield” and “median days on market”.

How does your suburb compare to your state’s best suburbs?

While using the tool, you can immediately see how your suburb compares to its immediate neighbouring suburbs.

But if you also want to see how your suburb stacked up against your state’s best, you can do so via the below direct links.

Just click the > button at the bottom (or top) of each linked page to scroll between the national and state tables.

– Suburbs with largest growth in average estimated house value.

– Suburbs with largest growth in average estimated unit value.

– Suburbs that were most in-demand in 2021.

– Suburbs with largest growth in demand in 2021.

– Suburbs with shortest median days on market in 2021.

Planning on making your move in 2022?

With house prices having just experienced their fastest pace of growth since 2004, it’s as important as ever to find a finance option that’s right for you.

This is especially true as the finance market is starting to go through a shift, with more and more economists predicting the RBA will increase the official cash rate this year.

So if you’re a keen homebuyer who wants to explore what options are available to you – whether that be upgrading your home or buying an investment property – get in touch today to discuss your borrowing capacity. We’d love to run through it with you.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

How much do you need to borrow to buy a typical Australian home these days? Well, the average loan size has increased dramatically over the past year – up almost $100,000.

The national average loan size for owner-occupier dwellings rose to an all-time high of $596,000 in November 2021, according to the latest Australian Bureau of Statistics data.

And the national average has been going up (and up and up) in recent months.

In October it was $571,000, while in November 2020 it was $503,000.

And with wages not growing anywhere near as fast, it’s more important than ever to have a professional like us in your corner when it comes to securing finance for your next home purchase.

State by state breakdown

Average loan sizes reached new highs in all states and territories in November 2021, except Western Australia (which only dropped a smidgeon below its October record high).

Here’s a quick state-by-state breakdown as of November 2021, compared to November 2020.

NSW: $769,000 – up from $644,000 (in November 2020)

Victoria: $619,000 – up from $499,000

Queensland: $514,000 – up from $440,000

South Australia: $422,000 – up from $384,000

Western Australia: $440,000 – up from $417,000

Tasmania: $446,000 – up from $373,000

Northern Territory: $433,000 – up from $380,000

ACT: $586,000 – up from $527,000

So what can you do about the rapid rise in home loan values?

Here’s the good news – especially for first home buyers.

Most of the average loan values listed above still fall below the state and territory property price caps for a number of federal government schemes, such as the First Home Loan Deposit Scheme and New Home Guarantee initiatives.

These two schemes allow eligible first home buyers to build or purchase a home with only a 5% deposit, without forking out for lenders’ mortgage insurance (LMI), which on average helps people purchase their first home 4 to 4.5 years sooner.

That’s right – 4 years sooner!

Another factor working in your favour is that the RBA’s official cash rate is at a record low and interest rates are also very low as a result (which helps when it comes to your borrowing capacity).

Speaking of which, one very important step you can take is to get in touch with us so we can help you assess your borrowing capacity.

This way, you can work out whether that property you have your eye on is a goer, and if not, identify steps you can take to help bring it within reach.

To find out more, give us a call today – we’d love to help you explore your borrowing options.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

National housing values grew 22.1% in 2021, and there are two capital cities and one region in particular that are not ready to slow down just yet. Can you guess where?

Happy New Year everyone! To kick off 2022, we’re looking at how the property market performed across 2021, and what we can expect over the next 12 months.

The most recent CoreLogic data reveals there’s a two-speed housing situation emerging across the country, with prices in Sydney (+0.3%), Melbourne (-0.1%) and Perth (+0.4%) slowing down in December.

On the other hand, Brisbane (+2.9%), Adelaide (+2.6%) and regional Queensland (+2.4%) are set to defy 2022 slowdowns, with CoreLogic saying there’s “no evidence of their growth slowing just yet”.

In fact, the monthly rate of growth for each of these regions reached a new cyclical high in December.

“In Brisbane and Adelaide, housing affordability is less challenging, advertised stock levels remain remarkably low and demographic trends continue to support housing demand,” explains CoreLogic’s Research Director Tim Lawless.

Hobart (+1%), Canberra (+0.9%), and Darwin (+0.6%) meanwhile performed smack bang in the middle of the pack in December.

So what’s causing the slowdown in other markets?

The annual housing value gains in the nation’s two biggest cities, Sydney (+25.3%) and Melbourne (+15.1%), were stellar in 2021.

But momentum has slowed sharply, with both cities recording their softest monthly reading since October 2020.

The slowing trend can partly be explained by a bigger deposit hurdle caused by higher housing prices alongside low-income growth, says Mr Lawless, as well as negative interstate migration.

“A surge in freshly advertised listings through December has (also) been a key factor in taking some heat out of the Melbourne and Sydney housing markets,” adds Mr Lawless.

Slower conditions across the Perth housing market, meanwhile, may be more attributable to the disruption to interstate migration caused by extended closed state borders.

“This has had a negative impact on housing demand,” adds Mr Lawless.

So what can we expect in 2022?

For starters, housing stock is very low across regional Australia in particular, with advertised stock levels finishing the year 35.9% below the five-year average.

This compares to combined capital cities seeing stock 14.2% below the five-year average.

“It is likely regional markets, especially those with lifestyle appeal, will continue to benefit from higher demand as remote working policies are more normalised, and demand for holiday homes remains strong amid continued international border restrictions,” says Mr Lawless.

“However, as interest rates begin to bottom out, and affordability constraints extend to regional markets, these housing markets may also move into a downswing phase over the course of 2022.”

And while sellers held the upper hand at the negotiation table in 2021, buyers are expected to regain some leverage in 2022.

That’s because the average time properties spend on the market is beginning to increase, while auction clearance rates are trending down.

Need help to finance your 2022 purchase?

The juxtaposition of higher housing values against low-income growth has resulted in higher barriers to entry.

“It is becoming increasingly harder to raise a deposit and fund transactional costs such as stamp duty,” says Mr Lawless.

This is why it’s never been more important to have a broker like us in your corner when it comes to securing your next property purchase, be that your dream home or adding to your investment portfolio.

In this current market, it’s also important to know your borrowing capacity before you start house hunting so you don’t stretch yourself beyond your limits.

So if you’d like to find out what you can borrow – get in touch today. We’d love to sit down with you and help you map out a plan for your 2022 property goals.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

Cut calories, increase your steps, abstain from alcohol: each year we set ourselves some pretty lofty New Year’s resolutions, most of which are doomed to fail. So why not add a nice straightforward financial goal to the list this year? Here are three to get you started.

Ambition is an admirable quality, but somewhere between the Christmas pudding and the “three, two, one, Happy New Year!” we tend to overcommit.

So this year, we’re encouraging you to add a financial goal to your list of New Year’s resolutions.

Here are three to get you started.

1. Set yourself a finance or property goal

Perhaps you’ve reached a point in your life where you can start making additional payments on your mortgage each month.

Or, you might have saved up enough money to buy your first investment property, or upgrade from an apartment to a house.

Or maybe the thought of owning your first home still feels a long way off, but you haven’t yet heard about the federal government’s First Home Loan Deposit scheme, which helps first home buyers crack the market four years sooner, on average.

Whatever your position, consider taking stock of what you want to achieve in 2022 so that you can work out a plan to achieve it.

And when you narrow in on what it is you to achieve, get in touch with us to explore some funding options that can help turn your goal from pipe dream to reality.

2. Call us for a home loan health check

Do you know the interest rate on your home loan?

Don’t fret if you don’t, about half of mortgage holders can’t recall it.

But not knowing the rate is usually a good sign that it’s time for a home loan health check.

That’s because an RBA study found that for loans written four years ago, borrowers are charged an average of 40 basis points higher interest than new loans.

For a loan balance of $250,000, that equates to an extra $1,000 in interest payments per year.

Other good reasons for a home loan health check could include seeing whether locking in a fixed rate might suit you better over the next few years, or switching to a home loan that has extra features, such as an offset account.

Rest assured we’ll make it all very quick and painless. Simply get the ball rolling by giving us a call today.

3. Go through your bank statements and trim the fat!

When was the last time you had a thorough look through your spending account?

Subscription services have taken off in recent years in Australia, so much so that the average Australian household pays $42 per month for their streaming service.

If you can halve that, you can save between $200-$300 per year.

Other micro-transactions that most families can cut back on include food delivery services such as Uber Eats, as well as alcohol, and takeaway coffees.

In fact, buying a $4 takeaway coffee each day costs you a whopping $1460 per year, whereas making it yourself using a french press or Aeropress costs just $260.

That’s another $1200 in savings each year. And for two family members, you can save $2400.

Take steps to achieve your goals today

Resolution inertia can be a real thing – it sets in when once you’ve set your goals, and when you realise now you’ve actually got to start taking steps to achieve them.

That’s where we come in – get in touch today for resolutions one and two: setting yourself a property/finance goal and getting a home loan health check.

And by getting the ball rolling on these resolutions you can be well on your way to resolution three: saving money!

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

To all our terrific clients: thank you for your ongoing support and for being such wonderful, loyal clients.

We are always so appreciative of any opportunities – be they big, small, or anywhere in between!

Life has thrown many of us all sorts of challenges these past two years, so we hope you’re shifting into holiday mode and getting ready to relax and unwind (or looking forward to a few public holidays at least!).

Whether you’re planning to feast alongside family and friends you haven’t seen in a while, or go on a long-overdue holiday somewhere a little more exotic than your local park, we hope you have a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!

It’s been an absolute pleasure and an honour working with you towards your lifestyle and business goals in 2021. We look forward to helping you towards a prosperous 2022!

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

Want to buy your first home with a deposit of just 5% and pay no lenders’ mortgage insurance? You could be in luck – the federal government will soon reissue up to 4,651 unused Home Guarantee Scheme spots.

First home buyers who use the Home Guarantee Scheme fast track their property purchase by 4 to 4.5 years on average, because the scheme means they don’t have to save the standard 20% deposit.

The government usually issues spots in the scheme once a year (July 1), but this time it’s reissuing guarantees that went begging earlier.

Where are these extra spots coming from?

The government states the scheme will reissue “up to” 4,651 unused guarantees for first home buyers from the 2020-21 financial year”.

It adds many of the spots have been unused because of COVID disruptions, but it’s unclear exactly how many guarantees will be made available.

It’s also unclear exactly when the spots will be reissued, with the government entity overseeing the scheme – the NHFIC – saying it’s working with its panel lenders and “looks forward to reissuing unused guarantees soon”.

All in all, that means we’re going to have pretty short notice of when these spots officially become available to apply for, and they could be in short supply.

So if the guarantee is something you’re interested in, you’ll want to get in touch with us today so we’re ready to act when the spots do drop.

Back up, what’s the Home Guarantee Scheme?

Ok, so the Home Guarantee Scheme is broken up into three separate schemes: two for first home buyers, and one for single parents called the Family Home Guarantee scheme.

At this stage, it’s believed (but not confirmed) that the reissued spots will mainly be for the first home buyers through the New Home Guarantee scheme (new builds) and First Home Loan Deposit Scheme (includes existing builds).

These two schemes allow eligible first home buyers to build or purchase a home with only a 5% deposit, without forking out for lenders’ mortgage insurance (LMI).

This is because the federal government guarantees (to a participating lender) up to 15% of the value of the property purchased.

Not paying LMI can save buyers anywhere between $4,000 and $35,000, depending on the property price and deposit amount.

There are price caps on eligible properties, ranging from $950,000 for new builds in Sydney, ​​Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and Illawarra, down to $350,000 for existing properties in regional South Australia.

A full list of the price caps can be found here.

Get in touch today to get the ball rolling

With these schemes, allocations are generally granted on a “first come, first served” basis.

And it’s worth re-iterating that spots this time will be limited and will likely fill up fast.

So if you’re a first home buyer looking to crack into the property market sooner rather than later, get in touch today and we can explain the schemes to you in more detail.

And when the reissued spots become available, we can help you apply for finance through a participating lender.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

 

Ever thought about taking out a loan for your business but hesitated because you were worried about meeting your repayments? Don’t worry, it’s a common concern. But some promising data has just come out that might help you put those fears aside.

You gotta spend money to make money, so the saying goes.

But what if your business’s cash flow has been heavily impacted this year due to COVID-19? What options do you have at your disposal?

Well, according to the Australian Banking Association’s latest report, $10 billion in new lending was made to small businesses in the three months to August 2021 – a 26% jump ($7.9 billion) on last year.

Which means as many as 50% of SMEs now hold a borrowing product of some sort.

So while taking out finance for your business might feel daunting, rest assured it’s something most businesses do, and there are a range of different finance products and options available to suit businesses of all shapes and sizes.

How difficult do most businesses find it to pay back loans?

So, here’s the good news.

Despite the difficult business conditions during 2021, just 1-in-6 small businesses (16%) found it difficult to meet their financial commitments.

That’s opposed to 41% of SMEs that found it “easy” or “very easy”, while 36% were indifferent.

And many of these businesses are taking out finance to help keep their doors open and operations running smoothly.

The top reason small and micro businesses gave for recently seeking finance was to ‘maintain short-term cash flow or liquidity’ (about 50%), while the second most common reason was to ‘ensure survival of the business’ (about 40%).

Replacing, upgrading or purchasing equipment or machinery came in third (20-30%).

Want to explore your finance options?

The SME lending space is an evolving one, with a surge of new lenders and products recently hitting the market.

And as brokers, we’re constantly upskilling and learning to make sure we stay abreast of the expanding options available to small business owners.

So if you’re an SME owner who might be in need of funding, get in touch today.

The sooner we can discuss your options with you, the better placed your business can be to hit the ground running in 2022 and thrive beyond.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

Christmas is fast approaching and there’s a good chance you’ve started turning your attention to gifts for family and friends. But be careful this silly season: more than half of Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) customers are struggling to pay day-to-day living expenses.

Christmas and overindulging: name a more iconic duo.

But one temptation to avoid indulging in this silly season is BNPL services such as Afterpay and Zip.

There are more than 5 million active BNPL accounts in Australia, which make up about 20% of online retail transactions.

And a new report by Financial Counselling Australia has revealed BNPL debt is causing significant financial stress to users who have overcommitted to the products.

The BNPL report, titled “It’s credit, it causes harm and we need safeguards”, shows ​​61% of financial counsellors say most or all their clients with BNPL debt are struggling to pay day-to-day living expenses.

“Financial counsellors are seeing people with multiple BNPL debts. They are really concerned that so many clients are using the product to cover essentials like food, medications and utility bills,” said Financial Counselling Australia CEO Fiona Guthrie.

“This is very worrying, especially as we head into Christmas which is traditionally a time of heavy spending. Buy Now Pay Later could leave people with a financial hangover come January.”

The emergence of the BNPL market

These days, BNPL can be used for small purchases such as a pair of shoes, to a night out at the pub, to larger purchases of up to $30,000 for cosmetic surgery or solar panels for your house.

“And as the market grows, financial counsellors are seeing more clients with BNPL debt.

“84% of financial counsellors surveyed said that about half, most or all clients presented with BNPL debt now. This compared to just 31% a year ago,” says Ms Guthrie says.

And it’s a trend that has the federal government worried – this week Treasurer Josh Frydenberg announced plans to reform and tighten the rules around new digital payment systems, including BPNL and cryptocurrencies.

Other important reasons not to overcommit to BNPL

While financial regulators and credit reporting agencies have been caught a little flat-footed by BNPL, one of the three main credit reporting agencies in Australia, Equifax, recently announced that BNPL accounts and transactions will be included in credit reports from 24 July 2021.

And most (if not all) lenders pay attention to whether or not you use BNPL services when they’re assessing your home loan application.

That’s because BNPL is still a credit liability that needs to be disclosed when applying for a home loan.

So if you have any doubts about whether a BNPL purchase might affect your ability to secure a home loan – or pay off your existing one – then feel free to get in touch.

We’re all about the Christmas cheer around here, and there’s nothing more cheerful than not suffering from a BNPL financial hangover once the silly season has come to an end.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

Ever thought about buying a property with a friend or family member? You’re not the only one. The rising cost of property and FOMO has led to more than a quarter of Australians considering buying a property with a ‘non-traditional’ partner.

Most of us long for a place to call our own.

But what do you do if the price of your dream home seems to be rising out of reach?

Well, more and more young Australians are shedding the “mine” mentality, and adopting the “ours” approach in order to get a foot on the property ladder.

In fact, according to a 1,000 person nationwide survey by CommBank, a quarter of home buyers have considered buying a property with their mates, siblings or parents because of increasing concerns about housing affordability.

And this co-ownership mentality is being strongly driven by the fear of missing out (FOMO), with 35% of respondents admitting to being bitten by the FOMO bug.

What’s driving the trend?

In a nutshell: housing affordability, with more than 60% of survey respondents worried about being priced out of the market.

Other driving factors for teaming up with a mate or family member include being able to buy a bigger and better property, as well as spreading the financial risk if anything goes wrong.

And then there’s additional pressure from family and friends!

More than 4-in-10 prospective buyers admitted to feeling pressure from friends/colleagues who have already bought, or their parents/family who want them to buy.

Co-ownership hurdles and challenges

So, if purchasing a property with family or friends is a viable option, why don’t more people do it?

Well, that’s because there are a number of challenges involved.

For example, the vast majority of respondents said they harboured concerns about putting their relationship with a family/friend under strain/pressure.

Meanwhile, 1-in-10 respondents didn’t even know co-ownership with friends or family was possible.

Another hurdle is that co-buying and co-owning can be a more complicated process.

But rest assured that if it is possible and suitable for you, we can help guide you through it, including making sure that all involved parties are across their financial and legal obligations.

Get in touch to explore your co-buying or guarantor options

Co-ownership with friends or family, or having a parent go guarantor for you, isn’t suitable or possible for everyone.

But there are people out there for whom it might be a good fit.

If you think that could be you, and you want to learn more, then please get in touch.

We’d be happy to run you through a number of possible structured options and opportunities, as well as the challenges, hurdles and pitfalls you’ll want to consider.

And if co-buying doesn’t look like a good fit for you, we can run you through a range of other buying options – including federal government schemes – that might be more suitable.

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

The summer trading season poses a raft of tricky cashflow and stocking challenges for retailers at the best of times, let alone following a global pandemic slowdown. But if done well it can set your business up nicely for the good times ahead.

Ahh summer, how we’ve longed for you – especially this year as much of the nation reopens its stores and borders following another winter of lockdowns.

But there’s just one (more) challenge facing many business owners this year.

Fewer than half (49%) of Australia’s small businesses have the trading stock in place to make the most of the end of lockdowns, according to research by small business lender OnDeck Australia.

And to make stock ordering matters even more tricky, 44% of small businesses say their cashflow has suffered as a result of lockdowns.

The findings aren’t too different from a recent Prospa survey, which found that 37% of SMEs required access to finance to ride Australia’s reopening wave, with the average amount of financing $46,000 per business.

For SMEs less than five years old, that figure jumps to $58,000.

The importance of cashflow during the global pandemic

The top reasons cited in the Prospa survey for requiring additional funds included purchasing tools, equipment, or machinery; restocking inventory; and investing in digital software.

The Prospa survey also found that 87% of respondents feared opportunities could be missed without access to additional finance.

Mr Nick Reily, National Partnerships Manager at OnDeck Australia, said with the pandemic continuing to create significant disruptions to global supply chains, cashflow can be critical for small businesses in the re-stocking process.

“Today, businesses need to be able to act fast, and order stock well in advance given possible delays in procurement,” he explains.

“When businesses have appropriate cashflow funding in place, they are in a strong position to have conversations with alternative suppliers if their regular supplier cannot have stock to them on time.”

Get in touch to find out about cashflow solutions for your business

If you think you might have a gap in your business’s cashflow over the months ahead, then it’s important to start considering your funding options before the summer trading season really heats up.

The sooner we can take you through your options, the better your stock levels can be ahead of the Christmas and new year period!

Disclaimer: The content of this article is general in nature and is presented for informative purposes. It is not intended to constitute tax or financial advice, whether general or personal nor is it intended to imply any recommendation or opinion about a financial product. It does not take into consideration your personal situation and may not be relevant to circumstances. Before taking any action, consider your own particular circumstances and seek professional advice. This content is protected by copyright laws and various other intellectual property laws. It is not to be modified, reproduced or republished without prior written consent.

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